A Biological Explanation for Aggressive Behavior Essay

A Biological Explanation for Aggressive Behavior - Essay Example Based on the premise that chemicals such as hormones or pharmaceutical agents affect neuronal responses such as mood and behavior, it tries to explain how the body’s internal chemical reactions have overt effects on how humans react to the environment. In the study done by Drs. Kruk, Hala ´sz, Meelis and Haller on the â€Å"Fast Positive Feedback Between the Adrenocortical Stress Response and a Brain Mechanism Involved in Aggressive Behavior,† the relationship between the body’s stress response and aggressive behavior is looked at. It was the aim of their experiment to test whether there was a â€Å"mutual stimulatory interaction between brain mechanisms controlling aggressive behavior and the stress response† (Kruk, Meelis, Halà ¡sz and Haller 2003). The investigations cross traditionally disparate domains of psychology as it takes an in-depth look at the connection between Behavioral, Social and Clinical Psychology – the link between integrativ e physiological investigation (e.g., in the role of specific neural structures, such as the hippocampus, in eliciting the stress response), frustration and aggression, and even psychopharmacology. Theoretically, it tried to prove that aggression is more of a biological response, and as such could be controlled, or even induced, by pharmacological means. The Experiment and the Results In the experiment, 53 rats were used as the main participants for five different experiments aimed to study whether stimulating the brain's aggression mechanism raised blood levels of a stress hormone and whether higher levels of the same hormone led to the kind of aggression elicited by that mechanism (Willenz 2004). Rats, whose neurophysiology is similar to ours were prepared by means of surgically implanting electrodes designed to stimulate the aggression-related part of the rat, his hypothalamus, a mid-brain area associated with emotion. Opponent rats were given an intraperitoneal injection of morphine before encounters with their electrode - implanted counterparts in order to produce profound sedation and analgesia during attacks (Kruk, Meelis, Halsz and Haller 2003). A series of five different experiments whereby the hypothalamus was electronically stimulated and measurements on the level of corticosterone (a substance akin to cortisol which humans produce under stress) present and the concomitant increase or absence of aggressive response in the rats in the presence or absence of an enemy or another attacker was undertaken. In the first two experiments, the rats' hypothalamuses were stimulated and their response to the absence and presence of an aggressive and non-aggressive opponent were measured. The results showed that "that activating the hypothalamic aggressive area is in itself a sufficient condition to obtain a considerable adrenocortical response. The confrontation with an opponent apparently is not required. The small increase observed in the absence of stimulation and opponent is probably due to an anticipatory stress response to the introduction into the test cage, a setting where these rats had fought before" (Kruk, Meelis, Halsz and Haller 2003). In the next two experiments, they determined the effects of a surge in plasma corticosterone and assessed the duration of their effects on attack thresholds. It was found that the levels of plasma c orticosterone induced attack behavior in the rats. The last experiment tried to determine what would happen if the rats underwent an adrenalectomy and the stress response was chemically induced

The Dangers Of Smoking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The Dangers Of Smoking - Essay Example Therefore, it will be the express intent of this author to focus upon the risk of cancer, breathing diseases, up to and including emphysema, and heart disease that smoking has been known to trigger. Moreover, the analysis will also consider the secondary health affects that smoking can visit upon the individual exposed to â€Å"secondhand† smoke or passive smoking. Through such an analysis, the far reaching and broad health impacts that smoking portends can readily be noted. Whereas many individuals are of the opinion that smoking is a dangerous process that threatens the overall health and well-being of the individual, the fact of the matter is that the overall scope of danger that smoking represents is much greater than most individuals realized. Accordingly, as a means of categorizing this danger and promoting a level of understanding with respect to the full range of damaging impact that smoking can have upon the individual, this brief analysis will consider and discuss th e litany of negative health impacts that smoking engenders. ... will make is one that I based on a logical framework of understanding the known risks which smoking provides to both the smoker and to those that inhale the second-hand smoke. Firstly, it must be understood that smoking accounts for nearly ? million deaths each and every year within the United States. This is a figure that is larger than the overall number of people that succumb to HIV/AIDS, illegal drug use, alcohol use, motor vehicle death, suicide, or murders combined. As such, the overall scope of the damage that smoking can have upon an individual is profound and affects their life in a number of different ways. Most obviously, high rates of lung cancer can almost entirely be attributed to smoking. Current estimates place this number from 80-90% of all lung cancer cases; depending upon what demographic and gender is measured. Regardless of the actual number, the statistics that have been provided show that smoking is invariably attributed to high rates of lung cancer and death. Yet, this statistic oftentimes confuses individuals who assume that lung cancer is the only means through which smoking can adversely impact upon the overall health of an individual. However, smoking also increases the chances of developed coronary heart disease by up to several times the normal rate. Moreover, a vast percentage of all deaths that are the result of chronic obstructive lung disease are normally caused by cancer. Yet, of all of the health impacts that can be felt, it is the health impact of cardiovascular disease that is the most overlooked. Due to the impact that nicotine has as well as the artery hardening properties of prolonged exposure to first or second hand cigarette smoke, the narrowing of blood vessels helps to put smokers at high risk for any type of blockage or

A Valediction Forbidding Mourning English Literature Essay

A Valediction Forbidding Mourning English Literature Essay John Donnes poem A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning uses many metaphors and allusions to show the love between the author and his significant other. Although the narrator is leaving, he believes their love is strong enough to withstand the separation. He then begins to compare their love to various symbolic things. In John Donnes A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning, his many metaphors and allusions show the power of love and how strong it actually is. In the beginning of Donnes poem, the speaker is explaining that he is soon going to be separated from his lover. Before he leaves, he tells her his leaving should not be a time for mourning and sadness. He then tries to make things better by comparing their love to various things such as a noble mans death, a drawing compass, and the planets. He implies that death should not be feared but be accepted with little sadness. The narrator wants his love to wait for him until his return, and he states their love is too strong not to endure the separation. He explains that their love goes beyond physical love, and that they have a spiritual love that goes beyond the material world and what their bodies can endure. He believes although he is leaving, their souls are still one, and the couple will now experience expansion. Expansion can be defined as the act of increasing in size or volume. The narrator compares this to the way gold can be stretched by beating. He believes the one soul they have will stretch, and it will take the place of the distance between the two. The narrator also uses another example such as the compass. A compass shows a fixed point and one that moves in relation to the north pole. The compass is used to show that when the two are separated his love is the fixed foot on the compass, and he is the foot that moves. The narrator then says, Thy firmness makes my circle just, and makes me end, where I began. He compares his soul and the soul of his love to a twin-compass. Compasses assist sailors in navigating the ocean, and metaphorically they help the two lovers remain linked no matter what the distance. On the compass, no matter how many times the moving foot goes around the circle, the two legs are eventually joined again. The first four lines of the poem suggest that ones soul is only part of the body until death when it goes. The author using the word whisper, indicates that the soul and the body can communicate with each other. One of the most important parts of the poem is the separation of the body and soul. The narrator believes that even death cannot separate his lover and himself because they share the same soul. This needs to be accepted for Donnes point to be proven and by the line Whilst some of their sad friends do say. The breath goes now, and some say, No. This shows that not all friends agree with the narrators point of view. The metaphor of an earthquake in line nine and the celestial spheres in line eleven contribute to the understanding of his loving relationship. Donne uses the lines Moving of thi Earth and trepidation of the spheres to explain how two different huge events can bring harm and fear or innocence. He uses these two events to show the contrast between two bodies and two souls of those who are in love. Donne concludes with two souls cannot be separated like two bodies can. Therefore, if the two lovers bodies are separated by great distance they will be like the compass mentioned earlier in the poem. The points on the compass are wide, but the handle always joins the two together. Throughout the poem Donne argues that although the couple is physically separated they are connected by the soul. Therefore, the distance between the two lovers is insignificant. Although they are spread apart they are not broken. The two still share a strong connection. John Donne uses the whole poem to make his point. He first says that when one passes, the soul separated from the body. He then asserts that two souls mix when two people are in love. They become one, and even death cannot break this bond. He uses the compass to demonstrate this point. By making these points, the narrator is showing his love not to be upset about his leaving. He states he is the moving foot on the compass and has no choice but to leave. However, the compass always makes a circle and he will always find a way back to his love. Even though the separation is temporary, it is very emotional and Donne feels the pain of the separation.

Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool Essay -- Health, Diseases

This assignment will discuss a trust adapted version of the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST). It will demonstrate an understanding of theoretical knowledge used to develop the assessment tool. The assignment will focus on three components within the tool; discussing the reliability and validity when used in a clinical environment. A reflection of my own experience using the tool will be included and linked to aspects of reliability. Any issues with reliability will be identified and suggestions given on how they can be corrected to aid future use. MUST is a five-step screening tool designed for healthcare professionals to identify adult patients who at risk of, or are malnourished. It includes guidelines on how to develop an effective treatment plan. The Malnutrition Advisory Group (MAG) in 2000 adapted and extended their community screening tool to include care homes and hospitals, in response to national concerns. (Department of Health, 2001). In 2003 MUST was designed by MAG and the British Association for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (BAPEN). It was piloted across many care settings, to target patients who may be at risk of malnutrition. I have chosen this tool as it is widely used in healthcare; however malnutrition is often unrecognised and mismanaged. According BAPEN some three million people in the UK are at risk or are malnourished. Malnutrition can affect a patient physically, mentally and can also increase recovery time (Zellipour, & Stratton, 2005). This assignment will help me understand the theory and rationale behind the development of the MUST. The first component of the MUST involves measuring the patient’s height and weight to establish their Body Mass Index (BMI). BMI is the’ relationship b... ...n or ulna length as-well-as the type of measuring device used to weight the patient for example chair or hoist scale. This would enable the assessment to be carried out each time using the same measurement and equipment, which would make the test fair and more reliable (Medical Education Division, 2007). This assignment has discussed the theory and development of a trust adapted version of the MUST. A rationale of my choice has been included and linked to specific learning objectives. A discussion regarding the three components of this tool has been included; these have been linked to validity and reliability. Finally a reflection of my experiences using the MUST in a medical care of the elderly ward has been included with regards to aspects of reliability and theories about how these can be overcome to aid future use-age in a clinical setting.

Light imagery in Romeo and Juliet Essay

Light imagery is a very important aspect of Romeo and Juliet. There are many references to light and dark in the children’s relationship. The light imagery is a recurring theme in the story. It is very important in setting the mood in their relationship. The depiction of light and dark is often jumbled in the story. Sometimes light is good and dark is bad, and more often it is the other way around. In the balcony scene, when Romeo was swearing his love to Juliet, she says â€Å"O swear not by the moon, th’inconsistent moon, that monthly changes in her circle orb, lest thy love prove likewise variable.† (2.2, line 110) In this quote, Juliet is telling Romeo not to swear his love by the moon, because it waxes and wanes constantly, and she did not want his love to be the same way. This quote condemns night time because of the moon and its changes. On Romeo and Juliet’s only night together, they pretend that the sun rising is just a reflection of the moon. â€Å"More light and light, the more dark and dark our woes.† (3.5 line 36) This quote from Romeo is a direct example of reverse light imagery. Because they can only be together at night, and Romeo must leave for exile at dawn, Romeo and Juliet’s troubles become worse, or darker by day, and the mood is lighter for them at night. When Juliet is preparing to be married to Paris, and her and the friar devise a plan to help her and Romeo escape to Mantua together, the friar says â€Å"and that very night shall Romeo bear the hence to Mantua.† (4.1, line 117), and â€Å"I’ll have this knot knit up tomorrow morning†(4.2, line 24) show once again how Romeo and Juliet are happy at night than they are during the day, because they can escape together at night, and during day they must face their families who do not understand their love. Light Imagery is one of Shakespear’s most common conceit in Romeo and Juliet. It is unique in this play because often, night is the time of safety and happiness because they can see each other, while day time is dangerous and sad because they can not be together.

Thesis Statement Sleep Deprivation - 1414 Words

Efosa Iyore Eng 112.0004 Mrs. B. Peterson October 13, 2017 Sleep deprivation Thesis Statement: Sleep deprivation is harmful to college students because it hinders student learning and jeopardizes their safety while driving. I. Learning a. Memory b. Lack of attention II. Safety a. Fatigue b. Decision making Sleep is one of the unavoidable daily-living activities and it is one of the most important factors contributing to a person’s health. A quality sleep is essential for the physical, cognitive and psychological well-being of a person. Learning, memory processing and maintenance of the brain are among the most important functions of sleep. In addition to maintaining the brain, sleep has important roles in controlling the†¦show more content†¦Weaver from Oklahoma State University. According to the authors â€Å"the purpose of the present study was to determine if sleep deprivation and/or poor sleep quality in a sample of non-depressed university students was associated with lower academic performance† (Gilbert, Cameron. 295). The study was also made to determine the relationship between sleep deprivation, sleep quality, and academic performance (Gilbert, Cameron. 298). It was hypothesized that by the end of the study, participants who had higher levels of sleep de privation and poorer sleep quality would have lower academic performance (as indicated by grade point average [GPA] and course incompletions—drops, withdrawals, and incompletes) than participants with little sleep deprivation and good sleep quality (Gilbert, Cameron. 298). By the end of the study, the authors discussed the results in the following narration: To our knowledge, this is the first study to have found a relationship between poor sleep quality and lower academic performance using a large sample size and, importantly, for nondepressed students alone (controlling for depression). The significant negative correlation between GSQ score and GPA supports our initial hypothesis that poor sleep quality is associated with lower academic performance for nondepressed students. 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The Artist Who I Am - 1660 Words

The artist who I will be focusing on for this assignment is Eminem. I find him interesting because he became really famous around 27 (my current age) just before the new millennium but is still considered highly popular, relevant and on top of the hip-hop world. His albums consistently go multi-platinum, even though some were panned by critics and fans alike. I find him to be an interesting story from what I have heard in general. His personality, drug use, controversies, near-death, and his continued relevance as an artist that appears to value youth into his forties are all points of interest. Although in today’s society, he is viewed as mainstream and widely accepted it wasn’t always that way. As a white/Caucasian artist in a predominately black music culture in the 1990’s (Allison, 2002), and following the exposure of Vanilla Ices street life as little more than fabrications and lies, people were always quick to embrace his music. Early radio interviews that Eminem did with radio DJ’s often questioned his legitimacy as a rapper and his upbringing (Molden, 2005), and with some even going as far as to straight up say he was â€Å"acting black†. He was apparently often ridiculed as an early emcee trying to get into the Detroit hip-hop scene as well, struggling to find acceptance. In turn, I would like to address essay question two because I feel that there are some parallels with my artist. Although it is arguable that Eminem’s skin color may have added to his eventualShow MoreRelatedWho is the former lead singer, rhythm guitarist and main songwriter of the rock band Three Days1000 Words   |  4 PagesWho is the former  lead singer,  rhythm guitarist  and  main songwriter  of the rock band  Three Days Grace? Who was the  runner-up on the  eighth season  of  American Idol? Who is the lead vocalist of  pop rock  band  Maroon 5? I received the  Brit Awards  Critics Choice award and won the  BBC  Sound of 2008. Who I am? 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A musician is an individual who typically plays an instrument, but numerous musiciansRead MoreArt, But Only If You Say So1339 Words   |  6 Pagesguise of artists (or vice versa) who intend to evoke such emotions and shake the political pot, those who purposefully try to get people thinking; people like the famous, yet totally anonymous, french artist/activist Princess Hijab and british artist/activist Banksy. The names of these gifted anonymities are no doubt one’s you have heard before, thrown over NPR or shoved into your newsfeed by a friend. Artists like these, subversive vigilantes who work in the periods of night when you and I (more deliberatelyRead MoreWhy I Don t Have A Home1534 Words   |  7 Pagestheir home. But for me? I don’t have a home. The year is 750 AD and I live in the capital of The Tang Dynasty(618-907), Chang’an; the cultural center where you can thrive as a person; making me part of Ancient China’s â€Å"Golden Age(â€Å"Anc ient China For Kids† 6).† However, I don’t feel my sense of belonging here. I’m in a place I didn’t ask to be in: being a young orphan girl, trying to make a living on my own. I have no relation with the top class imperial family, nor am I involved with any sort ofRead MoreFinding Oneself1248 Words   |  5 Pages---Oscar Wilde When I was a small child, I was extremely shy. I had to be coaxed to raise my voice in the presence of others. The only time I felt confident was when I was by myself with a handful of crayons in my hand, bent over a piece of paper. While all children love to create art, for me art was more than a way to pass the time. It was a form of self-expression. When I was happy, I could fill the piece of paper with bright oranges and brilliant reds. 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I chose music promotion for my career project, because it would allow me to go in and out of different departments within the music industry, along being able to work alongside creative individuals for artists. Pursuing a career inRead MoreThe, A Independent Label Executive Essay1297 Words   |  6 PagesAs a Independent label Executive; I am in a constant game of playing the sheep in a padded room surrounded by Elephants. I prepare for the abuse of being trampled upon, but hope that my coyness will somehow make me invisible. I for one can honestly sa y that I receive thousands of phone calls during a typical week from independent label owners and execs with the same sentiments. How can I avoid being Robbed, I ponder? I understand the position of the Majors and furthermore realize that the consumers