Health Promotion And Disease Prevention - 3437 Words

In question one, I identify health promotion and disease prevention in the field of heart failure (HF) as my specific research focus. The National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR) cites the need to promote innovations that empower individuals to make decisions about their health and become personally involved in disease prevention and illness management (Research, 2011). Individuals with heart failure must maintain wellness and recognize signs of cardiac decompensation in order to respond promptly to threats of acute cardiac crisis (Riegel Dickson, 2008). In the setting of HF, self-regulation describes the performance of these constructive behaviors that help preserve health and avoid illness (Horowitz, Rein, Leventhal, 2004). In order to address the behavioral and cognitive factors that influence heart failure self-care, I have chosen the commonsense model of self-regulation (CSM) as the guiding theoretical model for my program of research (Howard Leventhal, Diefenbach, Leven thal, 1992). Theoretical Model: The Common Sense Model of Self-Regulation The CSM depicts the behavior of patients as a product of a naturalistic decision-making based on their interpretation of a disease and its symptoms (Brissette, Leventhal, Leventhal, 2003). The framework has been used to describe self-regulation behavior for a number of chronic conditions including hypertension (Kronish, Leventhal, Horowitz, 2012), diabetes (Breland, McAndrew, Burns, Leventhal, Leventhal,Show MoreRelatedHealth Promotion And Disease Prevention871 Words   |  4 PagesChronic disease is one of the leading causes of death. People get a chronic disease because of tobacco use, poor diet, lack of physical activities and host among others things. The question is why we are not taking on the initiative on improving the quality of life by at eliminating the things that causes chronic diseases. Lately, there have been numerous of debates on whether prevention or treatment saves money. Some have argued that the prevention cannot save money, but rather increases the costRead MoreHealth Promotion And Disease Prevention1000 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Health promotion is an attempt to improve the health status of an individual or community, and is concerned with the prevention of disease, though this is not its only purpose, as health is not merely the absence of disease† ( Maben, Clark, 1995, p. 1163). Health promotion is commonly used term in health care world, and in current society the promotion of health has greater significance, especially with the rise in consumerism. Health promotion is a vital concept for nursing, symbolizing notionsRead MoreHealth Promotion And Disease Prevention1239 Words   |  5 Pagesbe anything wrong with living that way, the US Department of Health and Human Services (Healthy People 2020, 2010) set out to create a program to promote health across all stages of life. That is where Healthy People 2020 comes in. Healthy People 2020 is an approach wit h a set purpose, a list of multi sector priorities, and a program which affects nursing practice/patient care (Healthy People 2020, 2010). The US Department of Health and Human Services developed the â€Å"Healthy People† program overRead MoreHealth Promotion And Disease Prevention996 Words   |  4 PagesHealth promotion and disease prevention encompass many similar contributing factors. Disease prevention is often defined as a medical based model targeting a person’s biology not the person as a whole and focuses on maintaining one’s health (Tengland, 2010). Where health promotion involves activities of wellbeing and the goal is to improve the bodies state of health (Tengland, 2010). Although these two concepts may be approached and implemented differently behavioral risk factors play major rolesRead MoreHealth Promotion And Disease Prevention1909 Words   |  8 PagesHealth Promotion Model One of the major issues within healthcare that should resonate with a registered nurse is health promotion and disease prevention. Health promotion is defined by the World Health Organization as, â€Å"the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve their health† (Health Promotion, 2014). An important nursing model that expounds on this concept is the health promotion model (HPM) developed by nursing theorist Nola Pender. Pender’s nursing model integratesRead MoreBarriers to Health Promotion and Disease Prevention1563 Words   |  7 PagesHealth promotion has been defined as the process of enabling people to increase control over their health and to improve it. This process requires personal participation and supportive environments. For people with disabilities, however, personal participation is often limited by non-supportive environments. Lack of knowledge on how to modify programs to meet specific needs, poor attitudes, and unfriendly envi ronments often creates insurmountable barriers to participation for many people with disabilitiesRead MoreHealth Promotion And Disease Prevention Program Essay1556 Words   |  7 Pagesthe alarm, or school, your health is your own responsibility, and that includes sleep. Sleep health has received national attention, with various studies evaluating sleep patterns of the nation, determining the consequences of inadequate sleep, and designating goals to meet in the future. The healthy people program, which in 2010 determined sleep-health a significant topic, intends to improve this problem. Healthy People 2020 is a health-promotion and disease-prevention program focusing on obtainableRead MoreMedical Health Promotion And Disease Prevention Plan1467 Words   |  6 PagesMental health Theory Professor: Prof. Patricia Powers Introduction The nationwide health promotion and disease prevention plan, Healthy People 2020, recognizes that mental health promotion and mental health reduction as one of the most significant health objectives. Statistic indicated that mental health disorders are the leading cause of disability in United States and Canada, while suicide is the 11th leading cause of death that killed approximately 30,000 American each year (â€Å"Mental Health and MentalRead MoreReligion And Health Promotion, Disease Prevention, And Illness953 Words   |  4 PagesMany religious customs and laws extend from the early apprehensions involved with economic needs as well as health and safety regarding the consumption of certain foods or liquids. These issues resulted from the lack of preservation and purification techniques for foods and liquids and the concern of the scholars, usually the religious, in connection to health promotion, disease prevention, and illness (Waibel, n.d.). However, the views of the past d iminish with the advent of electricity and ourRead MoreHealth Promotion Program Proposal On Lyme Disease Prevention1634 Words   |  7 Pages Health Promotion Program Proposal on Lyme disease Prevention My health promotion program will focus on Lyme disease. My state-Maryland is number one in the list of top ten states for Lyme disease in United States. According to Physicians Now (2016), Although there were fewer cases of Lyme disease reported in 2012 than in previous years, the illness is still more common in Maryland than in many other states. There were 1,113 confirmed cases and 538 suspected cases in 2012, according to the Centers

Crime Is An Organization Essay - 2026 Words

1) So called â€Å"white collar† or â€Å"occupational† crime seems to be receiving more attention than ever these days, which is more of an indictment of its lax enforcement historically than of any indication of a truly reformed modern stance. What is meant is that this particular type of crime is so engrained into our culture that the famed Sociologist Edwin Sutherland estimates that fully 90% of our top seventy companies are â€Å"habitually criminal† in their actions (Schmalleger 404). Yet only recently has there been thought to the effect that these types of crime do serious harm to our society and should be punished accordingly. â€Å"White collar† crime is an umbrella label that can span the types of crimes committed by a large corporation against the public, like price fixing, anti-trust violations, defrauding of the public (Enron would be a good example of this), and other actions in violation of regulatory controls. The term can also be appl ied to more individual type crimes including embezzlement, insider trading, cronyism (the idea of sweetheart contracts (Lecture Notes 4/9)), as well as tax evasion. These two sub categories are quite different but have two striking similarities: both by their very nature require the offender to have attained a certain relative social position merely to have the opportunity to commit such a crime and both are far more prevalent and serious than ever realized. That is what makes these crimes so difficult to both define and uncover. TheShow MoreRelatedThe Yakuza a Large Crime Organization Essay654 Words   |  3 Pagesdoing. The yakuza is a large crime organization that has thousands of members that span throughout the entire world. They originated in Japan and since then have slowly moved across the globe into many different countries; they even have members in the United States today. *The yakuza is a highly organized crime organization that places great importance in respect and honor and seeks revenge when they do not receive it, they are involved in different types of crimes and they have certain characteristicsRead MoreThe Nature And Organization Of Corporate Environmental Crime961 Words   |  4 Pagesthe nature and organisation of corporate environmental crime. Part II explores the offenders of corporate environmental crime. Part III determines the risk factors for corporate offending. Finally, Part IV analyses environmental regulations. I. NATURE AND ORGANISATION Corporate environmental crime constitutes an important part of white-collar crime. The notion ‘white collar crime’ was introduced by Edwin Sutherland and refers to a crime ‘committed by a person of respectability and high socialRead MoreHow A Massive Cyber Crime Affects An Organization?2056 Words   |  9 PagesHow a massive cyber-crime affect an organization? It is important to talk about cyber-attack when someone talks about information technology, because cybercrimes have increased a lot in recent years. Perceptions about hacking and computer crime are changing because of the increased dependency on the internet into our daily life. In order to continue to provide a safe and secure computing environment, IT professionals need to comprehend the examination of high profile cyber-attacks that includesRead MoreTransnational Crimes Are The Organization And Implementation Of Unlawful Business Ventures1337 Words   |  6 PagesTransnational crimes are the organization and implementation of unlawful business ventures by a group of individuals working in more than one country. Transnational’s are able to reposition at any time, make choices based on relative global employment and capitalize on new prospects. These inviduals play a major role in the globalization of transnational crimes and contributes tremendously in organized crimes. Transnational criminals have been one of the largest beneficiaries of globalization. OverRead MoreThe International Organization Structure Of Organized And White Collar Crimes Essay2217 Words   |  9 Pagesfamiliar with crimes that deal with funding for terrorism or the violation of human rights in America. These crimes have increased in terms of size of groups, offenders, and activities over the past ten years. Organized and white collar crime are two of the most underrated crimes in the world. Why is this important to me is the question that most citizens will ask? A lot of individual aren’t aware of legislations or regulations created that apply to organized and white-collar crimes. This paperRead MoreLiterature Review on Fraud/White Collar Crime, Organizations, and Individuals1801 Words   |  8 PagesFraud and white-collar crime are common forms of crimes that people commit in various aspects and positions in the corporate world. Fraud and white-collar crimes hav e similar meaning as they refer to the non-violent crimes that people commit with the basic objective of gaining money using illegal means. The cases of white-collar crimes have been increasing exponentially in the 21st century due to the advent of technology because fraudsters apply technological tools in cheating, swindling, embezzlingRead MoreTackling The War On Drugs ( Cd ) And Combating Transnational Crime Organizations2286 Words   |  10 PagesINTRODUCTION Tackling the War on Drugs (CD) and Combating Transnational Crime Organizations (TCO) is an important national security problem. While addressing this issue in a scholastic forum, I immersed myself into this problem set using the guidance of assuming the role of Colonel Tim Killian. Utilizing the provided case and the ADIA framework and course concepts, I reviewed and assessed the information presented. The goal of Joint Task Force North (JTFN) J-5 is to develop a â€Å"strategy for militaryRead MoreResolving the Social Problem of Crime1313 Words   |  5 PagesResolving a Social Problem: As mentioned in the first assignment, one of the main social problems in the modern society is crime, which is basically defined as an offense against public law. Since it is a major social problem, crime has significant effects on victims, the society, and social institutions. Crime is a multi-faceted social problem because it involves personal responsibility as well as social, cultural, and political aspects that contribute to it. It is also a social problem thatRead MoreSocial Institutions and Organized Crime Essay914 Words   |  4 PagesSocial Institutions and Organized Crime Paul Blakey University of Phoenix CJA 384 30 January 2013 Social Institutions and Organized Crime Social Institutions are groups of people who have come together for a common purpose. These institutions have formed a common bond. They have done research and have concluded by joining they can achieve more. Some of the social institutions in the local community are the Boys and Girls Clubs, the Cub Scouts, the Girl Scouts. There are generally fiveRead MoreOrganized Crime And Criminal Behavior904 Words   |  4 Pagesperspective of â€Å"organized crime† groups that did not view them in any other context other than a criminal enterprise for ethnic groups. However, after several weeks of reading and research there is much more to the organizations. There are many groups that make up our society, and are considered social institutions. Organized crime groups are just one more of those social institutions. In this paper we will review the term social institution as it applies to organized crime, and reveal the theories

Amst 301 Free Essays

AMERICAN STUDIES 301 MIDTERM Please include a title for the midterm, TA name, and staple Description of assignment: Compose an anthology of thirteen quotations drawn from the materials assigned for the first three sections of this course (Parts I, II and III). The anthology will consist of a preface, short commentaries on each quotation, and a conclusion. The anthology should be governed by a theme (or a set of two topics aligned to the concerns of the first four sections of the syllabus) that offer a way to unite together the diverse materials for this course. We will write a custom essay sample on Amst 301 or any similar topic only for you Order Now The best anthologies (those that will receive an A or A- grade) will be ones where the theme enables the student to inquire into the complexities of American culture and where both the structure and content of the midterm manifest democratic thinking (i. e. , examining an issue by looking at it from multiple points of view) and integrative thinking (i. e, finding similarities or making syntheses between separate, diverse voices). Texts for the assignment: Draw one quotation from each of the following texts or set of texts. Present the quotation and cite the text and page number of the quote (if the page number is available). Then provide your analysis of the quotation. Note: You should feel free and encouraged to arrange the quotes and commentaries in whatever order you find most appropriate and compelling. It’s best not to arrange the quotes in the order presented in the list of texts that follows. Compose an arrangement that allows you to create the most interesting and revealing conversation—or dialogue and debate–among the texts. . Carroll, ed. , Letters from a Nation 2. Katz, ed. , Why Freedom Matters 3. Smith, Twilight: Los Angeles, 1992 4. Cumings, Dominion from Sea to Sea, chapters 2, 10 or 11 5. O’Hearn, ed. , Half + Half: Writers on Growing Up Biracial and Bicultural 6. Essays on Los Angeles by Christopher Isherwood, Sonora McKeller, Wanda Coleman, Jimmy Santiago Baca, Lynell George, or Bill Bradley. 7. Political oratory or writings by John Winthrop, Abigail Adams, Thomas Jefferson or Frederick Douglass 8. Herman Melville, â€Å"Bartleby, the Scrivener: A Story of Wall Street† or Nathaniel Hawthorne, â€Å"A Gray Champion† 9. Black, Our Constitution: The Myth That Binds Us 10. Political oratory by Woodrow Wilson, Franklin Roosevelt, Martin Luther King, Jr. , Thurgood Marshall, Mario Cuomo, Ronald Reagan, Barack Obama, or Bernie Sanders. 11. Essays or Speeches by Tony Kushner, James Baldwin, Stanley Crouch or Cornell West 12. Poetry by Pat Mora, Gloria Anzaldua, Ariana Waynes, Beau Sia, Steve Connell, Langston Hughes, or lines from comedy skits and writings by Culture Clash 13. John Leland, Hip: The History, David Brooks, On Paradise Drive: How We Live Now (and Always Have) in the Future Tense, or any quotation of your own selection drawn from American music, film, literature, history, politics, including lines from movies or lyrics from a song. Analysis of the texts: Write a commentary on each quotation that is between 3-5 sentences in length. The commentary should be more than a paraphrase of the passage: it should seek to illuminate the significance of the passage and connect the passage to other passages through comparisons and contrasts. The commentary should develop the theme or governing idea of the anthology as a whole. It is vital in these commentaries to explicate the passage first and foremost from the point of view of its author rather than to offer your personal opinion of it. Consider the commentary an act of empathic listening and of comparative or contextual analysis. Seek to understand the passage in its own context rather than just declaring its personal significance to you. Comment on the language and specific details of the passage and make both comparisons and contrasts to other texts in the anthology. Preface : Write a 1-2 page Preface to this anthology in which you introduce and explain the orchestrating theme or themes of this anthology—-the topics, concerns, issues, arguments that govern selection of the quotations you use to compose this anthology. The Preface should be similar to a presenting a thesis to a 5-7 page critical essay in Writing 140 or 340. Conclusion: Conclude the anthology with a paragraph in which you briefly explain which text or reading assignment was most important for your education so far. Select the one text or assigned reading that you feel should definitely be included in the syllabus when I teach this course in a future semester. The task of this anthology (beyond revealing that you have studied the wide range of materials assigned so far for this course) is to find sources of unity in the diversity of the materials. Advice for the Midterm When commenting upon texts for the midterm and when choosing a theme or set of themes to orchestrate your midterm anthology, I recommend that you keep in mind the approaches of Anna Deavere Smith and Michael Kammen to American culture as described below. Smith believes that words can be â€Å"the doorway into the soul of a culture,† and in Talk to Me: Listening Between the Lines (2000), she writes, â€Å"I set out across America, on a search for American character. My search was specifically to find America in its language. I interview people and communities about the events of our time, in the hope that I will be able to absorb America†¦. This is a country of many tongues, even if we stick to English. Placing myself in other people’s words, as in placing myself in other people’s shoes, has given me the opportunity to get below the surface—to get ‘real. † When you comment upon these texts, try to place yourself â€Å"in other people’s words† as if placing yourself â€Å"in their shoes. † Listen to what is said and what may be hidden between the lines, and comment upon both. Consider also what might be revealed about a text by comparing and contrasting its words with v oices from other texts or by juxtaposing its words against the words of a different text. Compose this anthology, in other words, by â€Å"downloading† and â€Å"mixing† and â€Å"sampling† voices to burn your own CD representing and reflecting upon the â€Å"American sound. And just as in Hendrix’s version of â€Å"The Star Spangled Banner,† your anthology can give us sounds and voices of dissonance as well as harmony. Smith also writes in Talk to Me: â€Å"My pursuit of American character is, basically, a pursuit of difference. Character lives in that which is unique. What is unique about America is the extent to which it does, from time to time, pull off being a merged culture. Finding American character is a process of looking at fragments, of looking at the unmerged. One has to do the footwork, one has to move from place to place, one has to stand outside. Your anthology will be composed of a set of 12 quotations, and each quotation can be c onsidered a fragment. When commenting upon each fragment or text, try to relate the fragment to other fragments. Seek out and explain places of merger or agreement among the fragments. But also be willing to see each fragment as unique, as a different take or look or perspective on your theme. The various quotations will come from different places, different times, and along with noting the specific time and place of each quotation, you should note on occasion how the quotations differ or disagree with each other. The anthology should, in effect, create a conversation and dialogue and debate—or a drama or a jazz performance–among the texts, playing one text off another. Consider each voice a solo or a monologue whose performance you analyze, but let your commentaries and the structure of the anthology as a whole be a jazz orchestra, or a play, or a congress of voices checking and balancing each other. A crucial part of the anthology will be your selection of a theme or themes that will enable you to unite together the different materials for the course. If you conceive of the anthology as part of an attempt to understand some aspect of the â€Å"American character,† you can follow the path of Michael Kammen who advises us to seek out paradoxes and contradictions within American culture. He notes that many have tried to provide a master key to unlock the mystery of the American character, proposing such single explanations as the Puritan sense of mission, the westward movement of the frontier, the desire for opportunity and open land, the effects of immigration, or the story of freedom. But any â€Å"quest for national character, culture, or style,† Kammen cautions, â€Å"plunges one into a tangle of complex historical considerations,† and he draws upon the writings of Erik Erikson to remind us, â€Å"It is commonplace to state that whatever one may come to consider a truly American trait can be shown to have its equally characteristic opposite. † There is no simple answer and no one right answer to the question: â€Å"What is the American character? You might say that America is a place of â€Å"mixed messages† and that it will take some â€Å"hard work† to understand the complexity of the struggle for democracy, freedom, justice, equality, and a more perfect union in America. Godfrey Hodgson in his book, More Equal Than Others: American from Nixon to the New Century (2004) gives us an wonderful update on Kammen’s attempt to see Americans as a â€Å"people of paradox. † Hodgson writes, â€Å"At the beginning of of the twenty-first century, the United States was a mature civilization marked by striking, well-rooted contradictions. It is (and the list of pairs by no means exhausts the difficulties facing anyone who attempts a simplistic analysis) generally pacific but occasionally bellicose; religious yet secular; innovative but conservative; tough but tender; aggressive yet reluctant to incur casualties; egalitarian by instinct but stratified in tiers of wide and growing inequality; puritan yet self-indulgent; conformist but full of independent-minded people; devoted to justice, but in many ways remarkably unfair; idealistic yet given to cynicism. (â€Å"Nice guys finish last† is almost a national motto. At some times it can be self-confident to the verge of complacency, at others self-doubting to the point of neurosis. † When choosing a theme for you anthology, I recommend that you search for a topic that allows you to study America by highlighting at least one or two of the contradictions or paradoxes within its â€Å"character. † You can draw upon the list of contradictions/paradoxes/ te nsions/conflicts as possible topics of themes for your anthology. Freedom vs. Tyranny Liberty vs. Slavery Equality vs. Hierarchy (or Supremacy) Democracy vs. Monarchy/Aristocracy or Imperialism/Empire Democracy vs. Racism/Sexism (or the Tyranny of the Majority) Tradition vs. Revolution/Innovation Purity (or virtue) vs. corruption Exclusion vs. Inclusion Culture clash—culture merger Memory (studying the past) vs. Forgetting (letting go, living in the present) Born to Run/Born to be Wild vs. Stability/Civilization/the Home The Founding Fathers Know Best vs. The Sins of the Fathers Democracy vs. Theocracy Church—State Religion—politics Letter of the law—spirit of the law (or a higher law) Unity—-diversity Melting pot—-mosaic Assimilation—roots Majority–Minority Insiders—outsiders (outcasts) More perfect union—individualism Self-interest vs. fraternity (brotherhood) Care for self vs. Care for others (caritas) Materialism—-spirituality Gold—God Success-failure Happiness—misery Blues–gospel Mobility-fixity Tradition—innovation Conformity—revolt Parents—children (generational conflict) Machismo—feminismo Country—city Civilization—savagery Hope—-fear Privilege—equality Reverence–irreverence Authority—-rebellion Provincialism—cosmopolitanism Country-city Myth vs. history Stories we want to hear vs. stories we need to hear Format: Title Preface 1. Anna Deavere Smith, Talk to Me: Listening Between the Lines (2000): I set our across America, on a search for American character. My search was specifically to find America in its language. I interview people and communities about the events of our time, in the hope that I will be able to absorb America†¦. This is a country of many tongues, even if we stick to English. Placing myself in other people’s words, as in placing myself in other people’s shoes, has given me the opportunity to get below the surface—to get ‘real. ’ (p. 12) 3-5 sentences of commentary 2. Author, title quotation: xxxxxxxxxxx 3-5 sentences of commentary Conclusion How to cite Amst 301, Papers

Evolution of Architecture free essay sample

The Evolution of Architecture due to several analyzed themes (Gothic architecture and Modern architecture) Abstract This paper contains a comparative analysis of the evolution of architecture in relation to Gothic revival and Modern Architecture. In this comparative analysis the similarities and differences of each style are highlighted and discussed. It further discusses and illustrates the elements which are unique to each style. The buildings which are the subject of this analysis includes: St. Patrick’s Roman Cathedral at Jemmotts Lane in Barbados, St. Agnes Parish Church in the Bahamas (gothic revival) and the Winchester Business Centre on Hope Road, Kingston, Jamaica and Michi Supercenter on Washington Boulevard, Kingston, Jamaica (modern architecture). Language—a complex term—just like architecture, is difficult to define. However, in some ways, it is not entirely impossible to do so. One can assume that architecture is just a building and identify it as such, but architecture is undoubtedly not just putting up an elaborate or highly decorated building. Rather, it can be considered to be a progression that inspires the intersection between humans and the world, and connects humans to the empty space they live in,( Hooker, 1996). Architecture does this by organizing the empty space, through the use of physical materials. Throughout the ages, architecture has been constantly evolving due to several analyzed themes. These themes include; the materials used, design, style and architectural elements. Through different interpretations of these themes, overtime, architecture has been seen to branch into many different styles. Of these styles, we can reflect on and compare gothic revival and modern to show the evolving nature of architecture through a discussion of architectural themes. The Gothic style of architecture, with its high rank in ecclesiastical taste, refers to the design of one of the most exalted classes of architecture produced. This style of architecture was quite prevalent during the medieval period. Gothic architecture originated in the 12th century, but with the revival in the mid-18th century, it has travelled with time into today’s modern era. It can be viewed in churches and cathedrals, where the Gothic revival style is fully and most powerfully expressed. St. Patrick’s Roman Cathedral at Jemmotts Lane in Barbados, and St. Agnes Parish Church in the Bahamas, are two interesting examples, representing the Gothic style. The Gothic revival style of architecture has bled into the modern era which has further changed and evolved this style today. St. Patrick’s Roman Cathedral St. Patrick’s Roman Cathedral Essentially gothic revival, St. Patrick’s Roman Cathedral, Barbados was originally built in 1848, but was destroyed by fire in 1897. The rebuilding of the cathedral was completed in 1899 and sanctified on August 23, 1903. In today’s era, the Catholic Church serves as a home to the largest church congregations on the island (Crain, 1994, p. 189) St. Agnes Anglican Church St. Agnes Anglican Church The St. Agnes Anglican Church located in Grants town, New Provident, The Bahamas, was built in 1868. In September of 1928 an intense hurricane devastated New Providence, leaving the beautiful structure tattered. This resulted in a complete refurbishment of the building, which was completed in May of 1929. According to Crain (1994) â€Å"The design of the church is unusual Gothic revival† (Crain, 1994, p. 195). Thus, both The St. Patrick’s Roman Catholic Church and The St. Agnes Anglican Church identify as gothic revival architecture and are very similar in construct, aiming to bring across the era they represent. Stemming from the 18th century, these churches being classic examples of unique architecture, establish their differences from that of the modern era. Modern architecture—a term which here refers to the indefinite continuous movement of time through the ages—began at the beginning of the 20th century. The efforts to keep up with the technology of the moving belt of time, made an impact on the deciding forces of architectural concepts. As society freely moved into an era of complete modernism, this modern type of architecture targeted different building forms such as schools, commercial buildings and residential homes. We can choose two such modern buildings to be The Winchester Business Centre on Hope Road, Kingston, Jamaica and Michi Supercenter on Washington Boulevard, Kingston, Jamaica. The Winchester Business Centre The Winchester Business Centre The Winchester Business Centre, unlike that of the gothic revival type of architecture, has not experienced any major disasters thus far. This is due to its new integration into today’s society. Built in June 2007, Winchester, presents a fine example of what modern architecture really is. The structure serves as housing of business suites for professional offices, light, retail, commercial and warehouse facilities (Lake Associates, 2007). Similarly, Michi Supercenter, the other example which models modern architecture, was built in April 2009. Like the business center has not been affected by disasters up till present day. Its modern architectural framing is that of a superstructure, which is currently a large supermarket and retail building. Michi Supercenter. Michi Supercenter. The modern architecture displayed in both of these buildings is without a doubt merging similarities. As it relates to the gothic revival style of architecture the differences start to add up putting each in their own special and distinct orbit. Comparative Analysis of the wall materials Comparative Analysis of the wall materials In order to identifying the differences between both styles of architecture we must begin at the foot of the dominant themes of material used, designs, styles and architectural elements. Gothic Revival architecture in St. Patrick’s Roman Cathedral is identified first by its recognizable materials. That is, very fine limestone of different grades which was readily available during that era and was highly favoured for sculptural decoration. The limestone, brick-like maneuvers were placed horizontally for complete walling, which aided in the merging of materials into the fortifications. The availability of timbre in the gothic revival era, led to the decisions to make the interior beaming system entirely of timbre. The church, which is similar to a temple like structure, depends on its large frame to give a sense of holiness. It is with this that the modern architectural style of the Winchester Business Centre can be compared. Comparative analysis: the structural support of gothic versus modern. Comparative analysis: the structural support of gothic versus modern. The concrete outer wall on this building is also due to the availability of materials in the modern era. Concrete which is widely used to define modern architecture is completely wrapped around the building. Unlike the churches built during the Gothic Revival, the modern Winchester building used steel to provide similar reinforcement as that of the timber backing. Each building’s design elements really allow the styles to stand on their own special pedestal. According to Crain, St. Patrick’s Roman Cathedral has elements such as its â€Å"pointed arches and engaged buttress†, which give the building’s form an abnormality when looking on from today’s era (Crain, 1994, p. 89). The Winchester building with its contemporary windows, square and moderately encased the relationship between the two is now able to play on its distinct difference. While the gothic revival era facilitated the use of facades, columns, rose windows, â€Å"quatrefoil windows† and other elements and emphasized the need for them to stand out, the modern architectural era (which is clearly evident through the Winchester building) incorporated the use of uniquely placed walling, pure glass, square contemporary arches and a concrete beam system. Interestingly, the St. Agnes Anglican Church with its Gothic Revival qualities, uses materials which harbor more similarities to that of the modern building—Michi. This is the concrete walling encasing the valiant interior. Thus, the material which is idolized in today’s modern era is seen in both the structures. The gothic revival structure at the St. Agnes Church however stands true to its timber construct as with most gothic churches. According to Hopkins (1836) â€Å"The pinnacles are made of stone, but where the economy must be taken into consideration, they may be made of plank or thick boards† (pg. 25). The modern building Michi also creates normality by using the same steel and beam way of supporting the building. Michi uses Zinc-like awnings to give shading devices around its structure, whilst the Anglican Church uses its elongated arches to do the same. Michi’s architectural elements include sliding doors and windows and a tinted glass facade, accompanied by clean white moldings which run along the top walls of the building. The regular, square-like erection highlights modernism with the use of wide square arches, giving the simple yet thorough elements the complete opposite construct of the gothic revival style. Diagram showing elements of the gothic revival church Diagram showing elements of the gothic revival church The St. Agnes Anglican Church, as with other gothic structures , has â€Å"pointed arches enclosing at least two subdivisions in the window†¦so as to furnish strong shadows and increase solemnity of the effect†, highly embezzled moldings, a portal, rose windows, stained glass and lesser highlighted detailing. In some ways, we can see similar features between the two eras of architecture through a look at the representative buildings. Both Michi and St. Agnes house the public, and encourage citizens to come and gather to enjoy their structures for an intended purpose (be it recreation or religion) in stylistic surroundings. In support of this, according to Hopkins â€Å"there is no style of architecture which admits such variety, which is so beautiful on any scale and which is so little dependent on style for its effect† (Hopkins, 1836, p. 25). As such, it can be said that the gothic revival depends more on its style to be noticed. However, what this also proves is that the design process in today’s era still reads a little from that of the gothic revival. Architects in today’s era creating modern structures seek to be noticed by their elaborate yet simple designs. This is evident with the Modern design of Michi and the Winchester building. Thus, we see where though architecture has evolved through a look at the themes, there are some features that are still similar to this day. Both styles of architecture compared allowed one to see the relation which they had whether similarities or differences. Whilst many elements of architecture for both styles explored were brought forward, each style will forever be changing and evolving. Through different interpretations of these themes, the outer and inner appearance of both showed that even though architecture is evolving some things will continuously be carried on through the ages. Gothic revival and modern architecture are both unique in their own special way; gothic which tried to stand out in its era and Modern which continues to stand out in its own era. Through final analysis the styles of the past will continue to shine through to the styles of the future.